建筑赏析|从“砖墙”到“绿植”：医院设计中的自然元素如何改变康复轨迹？-建筑赏析

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建筑赏析|从“砖墙”到“绿植”：医院设计中的自然元素如何改变康复轨迹？

发布于：2024-12-30 10:12:06

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从“砖墙”到“绿植”：医院设计中的自然元素如何改变康复轨迹？第1张图片

Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen / Vilhelm Lauritzen Architects + Mikkelsen Architects + STED. © Sjavit Maestro

绿色疗法：大自然如何治愈病人？
Green Therapy: How Does Nature Contribute to Healing Hospitalized Patients?

由专筑网Zia，小R编译

近年来，与自然的联系在建筑理论和实践中变得越来越重要，特别是在 COVID-19 大流行之后，人们更加重视自然环境在治疗中的作用。在此期间，许多科学研究都强调了绿色空间对人类健康的积极影响，无论是在工作场所、家庭还是城市地区，有了这些已被证实的好处，在医院设计中融入自然元素显然是至关重要的，这样可以为病人提供重要的支持空间。

尽管这一话题如今越来越受到关注，但大自然有助于病人康复的理念在医学界并不陌生。纵观历史，各种文化都认识到了绿色空间与治疗之间的联系，从中国道教的庭院和苗圃，到中世纪欧洲修道院的疗养花园，这些皆对健康有益。然而随着科技的发展，自然与治疗之间的联系逐渐弱化，医院中的花园也变得不那么受重视。随着越来越多的科学研究证实了大自然对治疗的益处，医院的设计也重新融入绿色空间，恢复这种对病人健康至关重要的要素。

Connection with nature has become increasingly important in architectural theory and practice in recent years, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, which emphasized the role of natural environments in healing. During this time, many scientific studies highlighted the positive effects of green spaces on human well-being, whether in workplaces, homes, or urban areas. With these proven benefits, it is clear that incorporating natural elements into hospital designs is crucial, creating spaces that provide vital support for patients facing physical or mental challenges.
Although the topic is gaining more attention today, the idea that nature aids patient recovery is not new to medicine. Throughout history, various cultures have recognized the link between green spaces and healing—from the Taoist Chinese, who created gardens and greenhouses for their believed health benefits, to the therapeutic gardens of European monasteries in the Middle Ages. However, as technology advanced, the connection between nature and healing gradually lost prominence, and gardens in hospital settings became less valued. With the rise of scientific studies confirming the therapeutic benefits of nature, hospitals are now reintegrating green spaces into their designs, reviving this crucial relationship for patient well-being.

从“砖墙”到“绿植”：医院设计中的自然元素如何改变康复轨迹？第2张图片

Maggie’s Oldham / dRMM. © Tony Barwel

1984年，环境心理学家罗杰·乌尔里希在《科学》杂志上发表了一篇重要文章，这篇文章以 “透过窗户看风景可能会影响术后恢复”为题，首次使用现代医学研究的严格标准——精确的实验控制和可测量的健康结果来证明，只需看看花园就能加快术后疾病的恢复。乌尔里希和他的团队分析了宾夕法尼亚州一家医院胆囊手术康复病人的医疗记录，结果发现，病房窗外若有绿植，那么病人的康复时间也相对快一些，能看到大自然景色的病人所需的止痛药也更少，术后并发症出现的频率也更低。

乌尔里希的开创性研究发表40年后，进一步的研究继续以新的证据支持他1984年的发现。例如，2021 年发表在《国际环境公共研究杂志》上的一项研究显示，观看自然不仅能减少悲伤和焦虑等负面情绪，还能通过减少疼痛、呼吸急促和疲劳来改善临床疗效。研究表明，大自然的治疗效果主要来自两个机制：第一，观赏自然会将注意力从疼痛上转移；第二，欣赏自然美景会触发神经递质的释放，从而提高幸福感。

An essential article, led by environmental psychologist Roger Ulrich, was published in Science magazine in 1984. Titled 'View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery,' it was the first to use the strict standards of modern medical research — with precise experimental controls and measurable health outcomes — to show that simply looking at a garden can speed up recovery from surgeries, infections, and other illnesses. Ulrich and his team analyzed the medical records of patients recovering from gallbladder surgery at a hospital in Pennsylvania. The findings revealed that patients with windows facing trees recovered, on average, one day faster than those whose windows faced a brick wall. Those with a view of nature also needed fewer painkillers and experienced fewer post-surgery complications.
Forty years after Ulrich's pioneering study, further research has continued to support his 1984 findings with new evidence. For example, a study published in the International Journal of Environment Public Research in 2021 revealed that viewing nature images not only reduces negative emotions like sadness and anxiety but also improves clinical outcomes by decreasing pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. The research suggests that nature's healing effects come from two main mechanisms: First, viewing nature shifts attention away from pain. Second, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters that boost well-being through the enjoyment of natural beauty.

从“砖墙”到“绿植”：医院设计中的自然元素如何改变康复轨迹？第3张图片

Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen / Vilhelm Lauritzen Architects + Mikkelsen Architects + STED. © Rasmus Hjortshøj

尽管大自然的镇静和振奋作用已得到广泛认可，但科学研究对于指导医院环境的设计决策非常重要。除了提供怡人的景色之外，景观区域的治疗效果还应包括互动元素。“疗养花园”可以帮助病人获得独立感，促进社交互动，提供体育锻炼的机会，并使注意力自然地转移。

同样支持这一理念，《疗养花园：治疗效果和设计建议》为医院绿地的设计提供了重要指导。研究强调，要为轮椅使用者等残障人士提供便捷的通道和清晰的标识。研究还强调了安全性，建议使用扶手和无障碍的表面。长凳和椅子等家具应舒适且可移动，让使用者可以选择自己的座位。此外，花园应该更加直观，这样每个人，包括行动不便的病人，都可以享受这个空间，哪怕只是躺在床上欣赏。

While the calming and uplifting effects of nature are widely recognized, scientific studies are essential for guiding design decisions in hospital environments. Beyond simply offering a pleasant view, the therapeutic benefits of landscaped areas can include interactive elements. 'Healing gardens' can help patients gain a sense of independence, promote social interaction, provide opportunities for physical activity, and offer natural distractions.
To support this idea, the publication Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations provides important guidelines for designing green spaces in hospitals. It stresses the need for easy access and clear signage for people with physical disabilities, such as wheelchair users. The study also emphasizes safety, recommending handrails and smooth surfaces. Furniture like benches and chairs should be comfortable and movable, allowing users to choose their seating. Additionally, gardens should be visible so that everyone, including patients with limited mobility, can enjoy the space, even if only by viewing it from their beds.

从“砖墙”到“绿植”：医院设计中的自然元素如何改变康复轨迹？第4张图片

Dijklander Hospital Revitalization / bureau Ira Koers + Studio Roelof Mulder. © MWA Hart Nibbrig

在这种情况下，绿地越来越受到重视，并被纳入医院设计中，以改善病人和医务人员的体验。《治愈性花园》（Restorative Gardens）一书中重点介绍了得克萨斯医疗中心和宾夕法尼亚州友爱医院等实例，展示了将园林景观融入医院设计如何有助于病人康复。同样，麦琪中心也因其以人为本的建筑风格而闻名，其灵感来自于一个问题： “如果建筑会增加病人的焦虑，从而对他们产生负面影响，那么它是否也能拥有治疗和恢复功能呢？”

In this context, green spaces are becoming more valued and integrated into hospital designs to improve the experience of both patients and medical staff. Examples like the Texas Medical Center and Friends Hospital in Pennsylvania, highlighted in the book Restorative Gardens, show how incorporating landscapes can aid in patient recovery. Similarly, the Maggie Centers are famous for their human-centered architecture, which was inspired by the question: "If architecture can negatively impact patients by increasing their anxiety, could it also be designed to be healing and restorative?"

从“砖墙”到“绿植”：医院设计中的自然元素如何改变康复轨迹？第5张图片

PAMS Healthcare Hub, Newman / Kaunitz Yeung Architecture. © Robert Frith

医院空间不应仅仅是严格遵循设计准则或公式，而应注重以人为本的方法，在病人最脆弱的时刻为他们提供支持和安慰，摆脱这些环境中往往缺乏人情味的氛围。在这种情况下，整合绿色空间尤其有益。绿地虽然不是一个完整的解决方案，但已被证明对病人的康复有很大帮助，可以缓解病情，创造一个更有疗效的环境。

Rather than sticking strictly to design guidelines or formulas, hospital spaces should focus on a human-centered approach that supports and comforts patients during their most vulnerable moments, moving away from the often impersonal atmosphere of these environments. Integrating green spaces is particularly beneficial in this context. While not a complete solution, green spaces have been shown to significantly aid patients in their recovery, offering relief and creating a more healing environment.

从“砖墙”到“绿植”：医院设计中的自然元素如何改变康复轨迹？第6张图片

Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen / Vilhelm Lauritzen Architects + Mikkelsen Architects + STED. © Sjavit Maestro

Maggie's Cancer Centre Manchester / Foster + Partners © Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

Maggie’s Leeds Centre / Heatherwick Studio © Hufton+Crow

Dijklander Hospital Revitalization / bureau Ira Koers + Studio Roelof Mulder. © MWA Hart Nibbrig

本文版权归腿腿教学网及原创作者所有，未经授权，谢绝转载。